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Miscegenation (; from the Latin ''miscere'' "to mix" + ''genus'' "kind") is the mixing of different racial groups through marriage, cohabitation, sexual relations, or procreation.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Miscegenation: Definition of Miscegenation at Dictionary.com )〕 The term ''miscegenation'' has been used since the 19th century to refer to interracial marriage and interracial sexual relations,〔 and more generally to the process of genetic admixture. Historically, the term has been used in the context of laws banning interracial marriage and sex, known as anti-miscegenation laws. The Latin term entered historical records during European colonialism and the Age of Discovery, but societies such as China and Japan also had restrictions on marrying with peoples whom they considered to be of a different race. ==Usage== In the present day, the word miscegenation is avoided by many scholars, because the term suggests a concrete biological phenomenon, rather than a categorization imposed on certain relationships. The term's historical use in contexts that typically implied disapproval is also a reason why more unambiguously neutral terms such as ''interracial'', ''interethnic'' or ''cross-cultural'' are more common in contemporary usage. The term remains in use among scholars when referring to past practices concerning multiraciality, such as anti-miscegenation laws that banned interracial marriages. In Spanish, Portuguese and French, the words used to describe the mixing of races are ''mestizaje'', ''mestiçagem'' and ''métissage''. These words, much older than the term miscegenation, are derived from the Late Latin ''mixticius'' for "mixed", which is also the root of the Spanish word ''mestizo''. Portuguese also uses ''miscigenação'', derived from the same Latin root as the English word. These non-English terms for "race-mixing" are not considered as offensive as "miscegenation", although they have historically been tied to the caste system (Casta) that was established during the colonial era in Spanish-speaking Latin America. Some groups in South America, however, consider the use of the word ''mestizo'' offensive because it was used during the times of the colony to refer specifically to the mixing between the conquistadores and the indigenous people. Today, the mixes among races and ethnicities are diverse, so it is considered preferable to use the term "mixed-race" or simply "mixed" (''mezcla''). In Portuguese-speaking Latin America (i.e., Brazil), a milder form of caste system existed, although it also provided for legal and social discrimination among individuals belonging to different races, since slavery for blacks existed until the late 19th century. Intermarriage occurred significantly from the very first settlements, with their descendants achieving high rank in government and society. To this day, the Brazilian class system is drawn mostly around socio-economic lines, not racial ones (in a manner similar to other former Portuguese colonies). The concept of miscegenation is tied to concepts of racial difference. As the different connotations and etymologies of miscegenation and ''mestizaje'' suggest, definitions of race, "race mixing" and multiraciality have diverged globally as well as historically, depending on changing social circumstances and cultural perceptions. Mestizo are people of mixed white and indigenous, usually Amerindian ancestry, who do not self-identify as indigenous peoples or Native Americans. In Canada, however, the Métis, who also have partly Amerindian and partly white, often French-Canadian, ancestry, have identified as an ethnic group and are a constitutionally recognized aboriginal people. The differences between related terms and words which encompass aspects of racial admixture show the impact of different historical and cultural factors leading to changing social interpretations of race and ethnicity. Thus the Comte de Montlosier, in exile during the French Revolution, equated class difference in 18th-century France with racial difference. Borrowing Boulainvilliers' discourse on the "Nordic race" as being the French aristocracy that invaded the plebeian "Gauls", he showed his contempt for the lowest social class, the Third Estate, calling it "this new people born of slaves ... mixture of all races and of all times". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Miscegenation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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